BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen, which may either block cellular defensive mechanisms and survive inside the host cell or induce cell death. Several studies are still exploring the mechanisms involved in these processes. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the genomic instability of M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages and compare it with that of uninfected macrophages. METHODS We analysed the possible variations in the genomic instability of Mycobacterium-infected macrophages using the DNA breakage detection fluorescence in situ hybridisation (DBD-FISH) technique with a whole human genome DNA probe. FINDINGS Quantitative image analyses showed a significant increase in DNA damage in infected macrophages as compared with uninfected cells. DNA breaks were localised in nuclear membrane blebs, as confirmed with DNA fragmentation assay. Furthermore, a significant increase in micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities were observed in infected macrophages versus uninfected cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Genomic instability occurs during mycobacterial infection and these data may be seminal for future research on host cell DNA damage in M. tuberculosis infection.

Background: The use of sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) has been proposed for screening cardio-metabolic risk factors; however, its accuracy can be influenced by the choice of thresholds values. Aim: To determine the SAD threshold values for cardio-metabolic risk factors in Mexican adults; to assess whether parallel and serial SAD testing can improve waist circumference (WC) sensitivity and specificity; and to analyze the effect of considering SAD along with WC and body mass index (BMI) in detecting cardio-metabolic risk. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012-2014 in Northeast Mexico (n = 269). Data on anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measurements were collected. Sex-adjusted receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC) were obtained using hypertension, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance as individual outcomes and metabolic syndrome as a composite outcome. Age-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression. Results: The threshold value for SAD with acceptable combination of sensitivity and specificity was 24.6 cm in men and 22.5 cm in women. Parallel SAD testing improved WC sensitivity and serial testing improved WC specificity. The co-occurrence of high WC/high SAD increased the risk for insulin resistance by 2.4-fold (95% CI: 1.1-5.3), high BMI/high SAD by 4.3-fold (95% CI: 1.7-11.9) and SAD alone by 2.2-fold (95% CI: 1.2.-4.2). Conclusions: The use of SAD together with traditional obesity indices such as WC and BMI has advantages over using either of these indices alone. SAD may be a powerful screening tool for interventions for high-risk individuals.

Introducción: el diámetro sagital del abdomen (SAD) se ha usado para detectar factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos; su precisión se ve afectada por los valores de corte. Objetivo: determinar valores de corte para factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en mexicanos adultos; evaluar la sensibilidad y especificidad cuando se utiliza en serie o en paralelo con la circunferencia de la cintura (WC); y analizar el uso del SAD individualmente o junto a WC o el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para detectar factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos. Métodos: en forma transversal, de 2012 a 2014 se estudiaron 209 sujetos provenientes del noreste mexicano. Se recopilaron datos antropométricos, clínicos y bioquímicos. Se construyeron curvas ROC ajustadas por sexo utilizando como resultado individual hipertensión, disglicemia y resistencia a la insulina y como resultado compuesto, el síndrome metabólico. Se calcularon razón de momios e intervalos de confianza (IC 95%) mediante regresión logística. Resultados: los valores de corte fueron 24,6 cm en hombres y 22,5 cm en mujeres. El SAD en paralelo con la WC mejoró sensibilidad y en forma seriada, la especificidad de WC. La coocurrencia de WC y SAD por encima de los rangos incrementó el riesgo para resistencia a la insulina 2,4 veces (95% CI: 1,1-5,3); BMI y SAD elevados, 4,3 veces (95% CI: 1,7-11,9) y SAD individualmente, 2,2 veces (95% CI: 1,2-4,2). Conclusiones: utilizar el SAD junto a índices tradicionales de obesidad (WC y BMI) tiene ventajas sobre su uso individual. El SAD puede ser una poderosa herramienta de tamizaje para intervenciones en individuos de alto riesgo.

Sphingomyelinases (SMases) catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Sphingolipids are recognized as diverse and dynamic regulators of a multitude of cellular processes mediating cell cycle control, differentiation, stress response, cell migration, adhesion, and apoptosis. Bacterial SMases are virulence factors for several species of pathogens. Whole cell extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains H37Rv and CDC1551 were assayed using [N-methyl-14C]-sphingomyelin as substrate. Acidic Zn2+-dependent SMase activity was identified in both strains. Peak SMase activity was observed at pH 5.5. Interestingly, overall SMase activity levels from CDC1551 extracts are approximately 1/3 of those of H37Rv. The presence of exogenous SMase produced by M. tuberculosis during infection may interfere with the normal host inflammatory response thus allowing the establishment of infection and disease development. This Type C activity is different from previously identified M. tuberculosis SMases. Defining the biochemical characteristics of M. tuberculosis SMases helps to elucidate the roles that these enzymes play during infection and disease.

Las esfingomielinasas (SMasas) catalizan la hidrólisis de esfingomielina a ceramida y fosforilcolina. Los esfingolípidos son reconocidos como reguladores diversos y dinámicos de una multitud de procesos celulares que median en el control del ciclo celular, la diferenciación, la respuesta al estrés, la migración celular, la adhesión y la apoptosis. Las esfingomielinasas bacterianas son factores de virulencia reconocidos en varias especies de patógenos. En este trabajo se analizaron los extractos de células enteras de las cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv y CDC1551 utilizando [N-metil-14C]-esfingomielina como sustrato. Se identificó actividad de SMasa-ácida dependiente de zinc en ambas cepas. La actividad máxima se observó a pH 5.5. Curiosamente, los niveles de actividad de SMasa generados a partir de extractos de la cepa CDC1551 son aproximadamente un tercio de los de la cepa H37Rv. La presencia de una SMasa exógena producida por M. tuberculosis durante la infección puede interferir con la respuesta inflamatoria del huésped, permitiendo así el establecimiento de la infección y el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Esta actividad tipo C es distinta de las actividades previamente reportadas para M. tuberculosis. Definir las características bioquímicas de las esfingomielinasas de M. tuberculosis ayudará a dilucidar el papel que desempeñan estas enzimas durante la infección y la enfermedad.